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从修辞到体制:扇对与八股文 / 朱刚.
// Journal of Nanjing University: Philosophy, Humanities and Social Sciences 2015, Vol. 52, No. 5. 2015.119-127 p. 从文章的功能类别即"文类"而言,八股文可以说是经义的别名或俗称,但从行文体式而言,八股可以视为一种"文体",简单地说,乃是扇对修辞法被体制化的结果。作为一种特殊的对偶,扇对的文例出现甚早,自汉赋以来,在赋、诗、文中都不少见,唐代律赋所讲究的六种"隔"(隔句对),诗中的"扇对格",以及宋四六之多用扇对,乃至北宋经义惯用扇对破题,都展示了汉语写作者对于此种修辞法的爱好。不过在诗和四六中,扇对始终只是修辞性因素,律赋要求"以隔为身体",可以说开始向体制性因素转化了。但这样的扇对,绝大多数情况下可以归入六"隔"中的"密隔"一类,或比"密隔"稍稍加长,还不具备八股文中两比的规模。元丰五年(1082)状元黄裳的《演山集》中,有十二篇经义,是迄今为止可以确认的最早一批北宋科举经义文,开始包含达到两比规模的"大扇对",其功能是以基本对称的两幅展开议论,而这样的展开方式,显然与破题的扇对相关。破题从题面中抓取两个要素,或剖析为两个方面来组织扇对,引出了后文以两幅"大扇对"分论此两要素(或两方面)的展开方式。这种"大扇对"的体制化,才是八股文的成型。
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论文莹小说的历史遭遇和文学地位 = On Novels by Wen Ying with a Focus on Their Historical Experiences and Position in Literature. / TANG Jiang-hao.
// Journal of Nanjing University: Philosophy, Humanities and Social Sciences 2014, Vol. 51, No. 5.
// 南京大学学报 : 哲学社会科学 2014, 第一卷 2014113-123 p. Influential and controversial in the Song Dynasty were two novels by Wen Ying: Xiang Shan Ye Lu and Yu Hu Qing Hua. By a study of their category changes in ancient bibliographic records,it is showed that putting the two novels into the category of zi radical — novel fiction — was the most enduring in history,the greatest in influence,and the most acceptable to scholars. Besides political factors,the differences in understanding styles also help explain why Wen Ying and his works were maliciously criticized during the period from the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty. Criticisms,either benign or malicious,may go beyond reasonableness,as is seen in the criticism not only of Wen Ying’s two books,but also of the ancient novels of a narrative and miscellaneous kind. Much of the phenomenon had to do with the fact that in the ancient time scholars thought highly of historical and scripture writings and took novels lightly,and tended to take history and biography as a yardstick or frame of reference in evaluating novels. Therefore,to criticize traditional novels today,we must balance well between different standards,modern or traditional,western or domestic,so that the study is consistent with the real style of Chinese ancient novels.
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