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试说《老子》之“道”及其中含蕴的历史观 = Dao in Laozi and Its Philosophy of History. / LIU Jia-he.
// Journal of Nanjing University: Philosophy, Humanities and Social Sciences 2014, Vol. 51, No. 4.
// 南京大学学报 : 哲学社会科学 2014, 第一卷 2014tr. 87-98. With the examination of its inner coherence,Dao in Laozi can be comprehended in terms of the contradictions in its historical development.Dao can be a constant Dao that cannot be told of,or a non-constant Dao that can be told of.By the same token,a name can be a constant name that cannot be named or a non-constant name that can be named.The positive and the negative turn to be two sides of the same contradictory entity.Hegel said,in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy,that Dao in Laozi takes nihility and voidness as its supreme essence.If so,Laozi’s philosophy would still be on its most preliminary stage.Being mostly dealt with in Laozi,the concept of Dao,as to its meaningfulness,development and usefulness,is to be approached to in the way from the abstract to the concrete.The first way from the abstract to the concrete is that from Dao to Li( logic),and then to the images and the numbers.If we turn our eye to the social history of human beings,then the first step from the abstract to the concrete will be the development from Dao to De( virtue).Through De,Dao gives its concrete functions and usefulnesses in the social world.De has the same inner contradictions as Dao does.As we can see that the logical development in Laozi from Dao to De,to Ren( benevolence) and Yi( righteousness) and to Li( propriety) is an evolutionary development from one contradiction to another,and this is exactly the development of human history and culture.Each following stage will be an inevitable consequence of its predecessor.Therefore,the development is of necessity and inevitability.It is a great breakthrough in the ancient history of both Chinese and Western philosophies,that Laozi found,from his treatment of the inner contractions in Dao and De,the necessity and inevitability of historical development.
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