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“不由得”与“由不得”辨析 / 朱磊
// 汉语学习 ,Chinese Language Learning 2020(06) 中国 : 吉林省延吉市, 2020p.106-112 This study investigates the differences between "buyoude" and "youbude" in terms of syntactic structures, semantic features and pragmatic expressions regarding differing parts of speech(verb and adverb). Our results reveal that the distinction on verb usage is manifested in prosodic patterns, collocation, mode and modality while the distinction on adverb usage is represented in combination relationship, subjective quantity and pragmatic environment. Comparing usage frequencies in different genres, we conclude that two words reciprocate on functions and semantics while there are still differences in the pragmatic aspect.
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By now : Change of state, epistemic modality and evidential inference / Daniel Altshuler, Laura A. Michaelis
// Journal of Linguistics Volume 56 , Issue 3, 01 August 2020 United States : Cambridge University Press, 2020p. 515 - 539 We examine the constellation of factors – lexical, aspectual, temporal and conversational – that give rise to evidential implications from assertions. We target intensional and inferential meanings associated with a certain class of present-tense state sentences: those containing a temporal adverb headed by by, e.g. The American traveling public is pretty mature by now. We ask why present-tense sentences containing by temporal adverbs (BTAs) are improved by, and sometimes appear to require, an epistemic modal, e.g. They ??(must) live in a mansion by now. Key to our analysis is the idea that BTA sentences require the onset of a resultant state described by the complement of by now to overlap some unspecified time that precedes the time described by the adverb. The indefiniteness of the unspecified time described by BTAs leads interpreters to pragmatically construe present-tense BTA reports as conjectures, guesses or suppositions. We show how our analysis can be extended to incorporate the contribution of epistemic modals. Adopting insights from von Fintel & Gillies (2010) and Mandelkern (2016), we hypothesize the manner in which the BTA change schema is instantiated in intensional contexts and discuss the relationship between intensional and evidential contexts. We see the merging of aspectual and epistemic features in BTA sentences, and in particular present-tense sentences, as the result of a semantic reconciliation procedure: the use of an epistemic modal in a BTA predication evokes an observation or act of reasoning, prior to speech time, which permits the speaker to make her assertion, and this inference trigger is identified with the ‘onset event’ in the BTA schema.
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