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Gesture–speech unity: Phylogenesis, ontogenesis, and microgenesis. / David McNeill.
// LIA language, interaction and acquisition. 2014, Vol. 5, No. 1. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014.137-184p ; 24 cm.This paper outlines an argument for how development in child speech and gesture could shed light on language evolution: child acquisition can be thought of as two types of acquisition, one of which goes extinct (gesture-first, Acquisition 1) and is replaced by another (gesture–speech unity, Acquisition 2). For ontogenesis, this implies that children acquire two languages, one of which is extinct, and which again goes extinct in ontogenesis (it continues as “gestures of silence” rather than as gestures of speech). There is no way to get from Acquisition 1 to Acquisition 2. They are on different tracks. Even when they converge in the same sentence, as they sometimes do, they alternate and do not combine. I propose that the 3~4 year timing of Acquisition 2 relates to the natural selection of a kind of gestural self–response I call “Mead’s Loop”, which took place in a certain psychological milieu at the origin of language. This milieu emerges now in ontogenesis at 3~4 years and with it Mead’s Loop. It is self-aware agency, on which a self-response depends. Other developments, such as theory of mind and shared intentionality, likewise depend on it and also emerge around the same time. The prefrontal cortex, anchoring a ring of language centers in the brain, matures at that point as well, another factor influencing the late timing. On the other hand, a third acquisition, speech evoking adult attachment, begins at (or even before) birth, as shown by a number of studies, and provides continuity through the two acquisitions and extinction.
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Subjunctive use and development in L2 French / Kevin McManus and Rosamond Mitchell.
// LIA. 2015, Vol. 6, No. 1. 2015p42-73 We investigated the use and development of the Subjunctive in L2 French. Participants were 29 students of French at a UK university, who additionally spent nine months in France, and ten native speakers of French. Data were collected from two production tasks (oral and written) and a grammaticality judgement task. The results show that all participants made some use of the Subjunctive before leaving for France, with only limited development in its use during their stay. It is more frequently used in writing than in speech, consistent with French corpus-based research (O’Connor DiVito 1997). The judgement findings reveal significant differences between different Subjunctive triggers, with learners consistently better able to recognise affirmative triggers over conjunctions and negatives. Overall, it appears that affirmative Subjunctive triggers represent a key source of development, with most change evident for lower proficiency learners.
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The art of public speaking / Stephen Lucas. Boston, MA : McGraw-Hill, 2007.506 p. : col. ill. ; 26 cm.Whether a novice or an experienced speaker, every student will learn how to be a better public speaker through Lucas clear explanations and thorough coverage. By far the leading speech textbook of our time, The Art of Public Speaking has defined the art of being the best for more than six million students and instructors. The Lucas Learning Tools Suite offers even more tools and study options to fit the active lifestyles and diverse learning/teaching styles of today s students and instructors
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